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Calculation of efficient dose rtg diagnostic irradiation
Bažantová, Lucie ; Drastich, Aleš (referee) ; Rozman, Jiří (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals primarily with the theory of ionizing radiation and its interaction with matter. It deals particularly with x-radiation and the methods of its use in medicine. The thesis contains a description of the origin of the x-ray image and a description of the techniques of radiography and skiascopy. A list of quantities and units used in radiation physics and in radiation protection has been set out, with regard to assessing the risk involved in the interaction of x-radiation with an organism. In particular, the effective dose and the methods of evaluating this during medical irradiation have been set out. The main parts of the work are an overview of the software environment used in radiation physics and an example of the calculation of an effective dose for a concrete radiographic examination together with a detailed description of the method of calculation. At the end of the thesis there is a table of calculated values and an evaluation of them.
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Estimation of average doses of the population of the Czech Republic from medical sources
ŠÍPOVÁ, Aneta
The intention of my diploma thesis was estimate the effective doses from different examinations in the area of the nuclear medicine and radiodiagnosis and find out what numbers are of the examinations in the Czech republic. In the theoretical part I worked with the professional literature, the applicable legal regulations and the internet links. The diploma thesis on the topic "Estimation of average doses of the population of the Czech republic from medical sources" is partition to the two parts. The introductory part of the theoretical work is dedicated to the importance of medical radiation within radiological methods and to the brief description the whole thesis. In the other part od the thesis are summarized the informations about the ionizing radiation - about his history, species, sources, interactions with the environment and biological effects on the organism. In the other part of the thesis which is devoted to radiation protection is listed the basic czech legislation which relates on the given topic. Further are in this thesis within the radiation protection listed her objectives, conception, principles, radiation protection methods, radiation monitoring and basic monitored quantities which are important in terms of the radiation protection. In the last part of the theoretical thesis is listed the medical radiation and his possibilities of use in the medical. In this thesis were to established three objectives. The first objective was to estimate the average effective doses in various examinations in the nuclear medicine and the radiodiagnosis. For selected examinations was calculated the average effective dose for patients who underwent the selected examination in January 2022. In the framework of nuclear medicine, it was an skeletal scintigraphy (96 patients), myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (51 patients), perfusion and ventilation lung scintigraphy (166 patients) and dynamic renal scintigraphy (12 patients). The results of these examinations were compared with data listed in UNSCEAR Report 2020/2021. In the famework of the radiodiagnosis, it was an CT brain natively (226 patients), abdominal CT natively (91 patients), CT chest native (33 patients) and CT of the lumbrar spine natively (46 patients). The results of these examinations were compared with data listed in UNSCEAR Report 2020/2021 and the results listed in the document "Medical radiation assessment" released by the SÚJB in the year 2021. The second objective was to find out how are numbers of examinations mentioned above in Czech republic. For this purpose I was provided with data from ÚZIS. Within this objective were estimated the collective effective doses. The third objective was estimated the relative probability of emergence of stochastic effects (the cancer). For this purpose was used the program named X-ray risk.
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Imaging methods in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
KUBEŠOVÁ, Karolína
The bachelor´s thesis consists of theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part, the reader gets acquainted with the definition and method of genesis of pulmonary embolism. Furthermore, in the work there is given a division into clinical categories, symptoms of pulmonary embolism, its treatment and prevention. An important part of this work is the diagnosis of this disease, which includes laboratory methods as well as imaging ones. The work aims to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the mentioned imaging methods. This enables us to find out the guidelines and studies that compare individual imaging methods. Using a research question, we want to ascertain which of the imaging methods is used most in the hospital in České Budějovice. The Nuclear Medicine and the Radiology Departments provided me with data showing the total number of examinations in the years 2016 to 2020. For each individual year, a graphical representation was prepared comparing the number of examinations in these departments. Furthermore, their percentage was calculated. This processing and subsequent comparison of data enables us to determine which imaging method used to diagnose the pulmonary embolism is indicated more often by the doctors.
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Processing of dosimetric data of radiation workers and development of devices used by these workers.
ŽILINČÍK, Jakub
The bachelor thesis is focused on the analysis and evaluation of dosimetric data of radiation workers, whose personal doses are recorded in the Register of Professional Irradiation of the State Office for Nuclear Safety and ionizing radiation sources used in industry and healthcare. These data are drawn from the Register of Resources of the State Office for Nuclear Safety and data on resources used in healthcare from the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic. Based on the analyzed data, I compiled an overview of individual occupational groups, their dosimetric data and development over time. I applied the same procedure with data on sources of ionizing radiation obtained from the Register of Sources of the State Office for Nuclear Safety and the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic. To answer the research question, an analysis of the obtained outputs was performed, which were processed into graphs and then compared with each other over time. Based on the evaluation of the obtained data, it can be stated that the working group with the highest personal doses can include interventional radiologists and cardiologists, workers performing defectoscopy, logging and workers in the uranium industry. The development of doses of these radiation workers is described in detail in chapter 4.1. Furthermore, it can be stated that in the field of healthcare, an increasing number of all sources is observable, except for mammographic devices, the number of which has a slightly decreasing trend. Data on industry resources and other more detailed analyzes are provided in Chapter 4.2.
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The Radiation load of the Nuclear Medicine staff before and after the PET/CT installation in České Budějovice
TURKOVÁ, Aneta
The thesis deals with the radiation load on the staff at the Department of Nuclear Medicine in České Budějovice Hospital Plc. Its aim is to compare the radiation load on the staff of the Department of Nuclear Medicine of České Budějovice Hospital Plc before and after the installation of PET/CT gadget. My thesis includes a hypothesis in which I suppose that the radiation load of radiation has risen after the installation of the new gadget. To meet the target and verify the hypothesis I used the data which have been provided by the Department of Nuclear Medicine of České Budějovice Hospital Plc. I put the data into charts and made their graphic design. The data show that the overall radiation load on the staff has decreased thanks to the increased protection against radiation. New protection aids and gadgets have been bought to make the application of radiopharmaceuticals easier. The result of my thesis disproves the hypothesis set before the beginning of my thesis. My thesis has provided the staff of the Department of Nuclear Medicine of České Budějovice Hospital Plc with an overview of collective dosage within six years, which I recorded. By the disproof of my original hypothesis it has been acknowledged that the Hospital and the Department of Nuclear Medicine secured its staff and started to pay more attention to the protection against radiation.
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The evaluation of 137Cs content in mushrooms and forest berries in the South Bohemia region
HÁLOVÁ, Jana
The collection and consumption of forest fungi and blueberries are among the most popular seasonal activities in Czech Republic. Due to the Chernobyl accident, however, these raw materials are believed to have contained increased amounts of radionuclides. The aim of the work is to evaluate the content of 137Cs in blueberries and fungi collected from South Bohemian region in the period of 1992 - 2020. Data of 137Cs mass activity obtained from the State Office for Nuclear Safety's MonRas database were re-examined for validation using samples of fungi (n = 318) and blueberries (n = 142). The results ranged widely as follows: (a) boletes fungus, from 0.18 to 6430 Bq / kg; (b) leafy fungus, from 0.28 to 4040 Bq / kg; and (c) blueberries, from 0.24 to 2046 Bq / kg. Between boletes fungus and leafy fungus, the former was seen to have a higher ability to accumulate the radionuclide 137Cs. The calculated effective dose caused by the consumption of fungi and blueberries was assessed as negligible, amounting only to less than 1% of the general limit for the population. Despite these favorable results, detailed monitoring of raw materials from nature needs to be continued and the safety of the food chain ensured.
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Radiation safety in the nuclear medicine department
ANTONÍNOVÁ, Eva
The practice in the department of nuclear medicine requires the involvement of radiation protection with care of patients and occupational safety of radiation workers. Nuclear medicine involves the handling of radioactive substances that may cause external or internal irradiation of workers. The amount of the dose depends on the type of radionuclide, the amount of energy, the work performed by the worker within the department. Patients or staff may be exposed to the external or internal irradiation. The topic of this thesis is the analysis of the current state of radiation protection in the department of nuclear medicine according to the new legislation. The part of the work is the evaluation of monitoring of workers and patients. The research results of the average annual effective dose of total body irradiation at radiation workers ranged from 1.35 to 1.73 mSv, monthly ranged from 0.1? 0.65 mSv. The average annual equivalent dose of Hp (0,07) ranged from 1.15 to 117.68 mSw. The lowest monthly Hp (0.07) was 0.07 mSw and the highest one was 19.92 mSw. At SSK-treated patients the doses applied were 4% lower than diagnostic reference level and the dose at DSSL-treated patients was 22% less than DRU. In conclusion, it was found that the values from personal dosimeters were below the limit and in the case of finger dosimeters in two cases the values were above the examination level. The values of other workers were below the monitoring level during the monitored period. The applied doses of radiopharmaceuticals were less in the observed group of patients than the established diagnostic reference level. On the basis of the presented results it can be stated that radiation protection is in the Department of Nuclear Medicine of Znojmo Hospital f.o, secured in accordance with the applicable legislation.
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Dose analysis of the MAPE Mydlovary staff
RŮŽIČKOVÁ, Eliška
In the previous century a uranium ore chemical processing plant was constructed about 20 km from České Budějovice called MAPE Mydlovary, which employed approximately 1,100 employees at various times. We can assume that radionuclides affected the company's employees during the processing of uranium ore and the subsequent storage of waste in the adjoining sludge lagoons. They were irradiated by a total of three radiation components, which included gamma radiation, short-lived radon decay products and long-lived radionuclides from the uranium decay chain emitting alpha radiation. This is why this bachelor's thesis is devoted to analysis and evaluation of the percentage of individual radiation components in the total dose received by former MAPE Mydlovary employees. The purpose of this work is to establish how the individual radiation components were distributed in the doses of radiation received by former employees. The dosimetric sheets of former MAPE Mydlovary employees, who received all three types of radiation, were analysed in order to answer the research question. Dosimetric sheets were reduced so that each sheet contained all the required information. The established average annual doses of all three types of radiation and the total effective doses were converted into a graph, evaluated and subsequently compared with the valid legislation. On the basis of evaluation of the acquired data we can state that long-lived radionuclides from the uranium decay chain emitting alpha radiation made up the highest percentage of the radiation doses received by former MAPE Mydlovary employees, at a total of 49%. Inhalation of short-lived radon decay products made up 29% and external gamma radiation just 22%. The radiation limit for radiation workers of 20 mSv/year on the total effective dose from exterior radiation and on the committed effective doses from internal radiation was exceeded by 8 former employees according to our current legislation. We must state that no rules were broken according to Czech legislation valid between 1960 and 1970, because the limit for radiation workers was set at 50 mSv/year.
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Radiation exposure in coal miners
BÁŇOVÁ, Denisa
The bachelor thesis focuses on a problematics of radiation load of miners during coal mining. This topic is something that public and miners themselves are not aware of that well. The thesis sets following goals: To chart radiation load of miners during coal mining and the awareness of miners about risks of their job. For the theme were also set following research questions: How big is the rate of radiation exposure of miners during coal mining? Is there considered any radiation protection for miners? At what rate do the miners perceive threats associated with working at coal mine? Which risks the miners encountered during their work experience? How big is the awareness of miners about the threat of radiation load? The theoretical part of this bachelor thesis classifies and sets general characteristics of coal and its most significant coal deposits. Furthermore, the thesis describes natural radionuclides and its content in rocks, radiation load of miners and other risks connected to mining. The last section of theoretical part describes radiation protection, safety and protection of health at work. The practical part was processed based on literature study and qualitative research. For data collection was used semi-structured interview with miners which formerly worked at coal mines and with miners which are still actively working at mines. Furthermore, was conducted an interview with specialist which focuses on ionizing radiation sources in a form of industrial applications. After the analysis, the research questions can be answered as follows. According to studied literature can be concluded that radiation load of miners does exist. However, from conducted interviews emerged that minors do not know much about this problematic and most of them does not even consider radiation load as a threat. The radiation protection in Czech coal mines is regulated by legislation. Based on the valid legislative the average volume activity of radionuclides in the air must be measured in work environments with material containing increased content of natural radionuclides. However, the miners reported that they did not notice any radiation measurement in coal mines. From this statement can be considered that there are no exceeding levels set by legislation at coal mines where questioned miners worked. Other possibility might be that nobody deals with it which is indicated in the interview with radiation application specialist. Some miners realize threats connected to their work and some of them do not. Some miners reported gusts, shaking, presence of methane and coal dust, various injuries and more. Those who did not report specific threats responded that they do not consider these as threats after several years working at mines. Respondents reported a big amount of threats which they encountered at their work. Amongst others were mentioned gusts, accidents, shaking, stone falls, variable temperatures, risk of occupational disease, possibility of methane explosion, presence of noise and vibrations when working with machines.
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Application of the SW ESTE AI for the recommandation on an optimal strategy of liquidation H-3 produced by 5 blocks of the NPP Dukovany
CHOCHOLA, Ondřej
This thesis deals with the influence of the discharges of the Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant ("Dukovany NPP") and the assessment of impacts on the population and the vicinity of the power plant. The thesis summarizes the issues of tritium 3H discharges into waterways and partially deals with the 14C discharges. Attention is paid especially to the radioisotope of hydrogen 3H, due to its chemical and physical form and its presence in the cooling medium (light water) used by that type of nuclear power reactor. The thesis also contains a description of the current state of the Dukovany NPP, especially the existing discharges of the radioactive substances to the surroundings of the nuclear power plant, both to the air and into the waterway. Also was discussed the issue of the new planned blocks of the Dukovany NPP and impacts of the projected discharges on the population during the simultaneous operation of the existing blocks and the planned blocks, again in relation to the 3H discharged into the waterway. The application ESTE AI was used for the determination of individual groups of inhabitants who are most exposed to the radioactive discharges (also called representative person). Based on the current discharges of the Dukovany NPP and the planned blocks discharges were determined the annual effective doses for a representative person. The doses were compared with the legislation on the conditions for the peaceful use of nuclear energy requirements and then with the water management legislation. In order to avoid exceeding these limits were set up recommendations how to dispose of radioactive substances optimally. The thesis answer to the research question: What impacts on the population will have discharges of the Dukovany NPP after the construction of a new nuclear source, especially in relation to the discharges of the 3H into the waterway and which measures will must be applied on the optimization of the inhabitants doses.
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